History of Autism Identification

History of Autism Identification Natures Smudged Lines When Kanner published his autism paper in 1943, he felt it was premature at that point to propose a set of criteria for diagnosing the condition he described. To make the pattern visible to his peers, he proposed two essential common characteristics shared by all children with this syndrome. The first was a will to self-isolation, present from birth. The second was a fear of change and surprise. These two characteristics became the diagnostic basis known as classic autism, or Kanners syndrome. In 1961, a British psychiatrist named Mildred Creak led a working party that established a nine-point criteria for the diagnosis of autism, based in part on studies of 100 children she herself had collected. The nine points were: Sustained impairment of interpersonal relationships Unawareness of personal identity Preoccupation with particular objects Striving to maintain sameness Acute anxiety produced by change Abnormal perceptual experience (hearing and vision) Failure to develop speech beyond a limited level Distortion of movement Some learning difficulty, but some islets of particular skills or abilities or knowledge These criteria represented the first set of standardized criteria for the diagnosis of autism, which she called schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. They differed significantly from Kanners two-point criteria and were more difficult to apply in practice. *** In the late 1960s, a young British psychiatrist name Lorna Wing set out to help her husband, John, a schizophrenia researcher at the University of London, compile a database of case records in Camberwell to determine if the National Health Service was providing the families of cognitively disabled children with adequate resources. John and Lorna had a daughter Susie, who was diagnosed with autism when she was three years old in 1959. It didnt take long for John and Lorna to figure out that there were almost no resources in place to support the families of children like their daughter. But fortunately they could send Susie to Sybil Elgars school. Sybil Elgar was a school secretary who was taking a correspondence course to become a Montessori teacher. After visiting an institution for severely and emotionally disturbed children in London in 1958, she started teaching classes for a small group of autistic children in the basement of her house in London. Susie Wing became one of her early students. In 1962, a group of parents from the National Autistic Society converted an old railway hostel in Ealing into the Sybil Elgar School using the money they raised. The Beatles visited the school one afternoon, and John Lennon became one of the schools first major donors and attracted other celebrities to the cause. In the late 1960s, when the Medical Research Council (MRC) asked John Wing to examine the prevalence of autism, he put a graduate student named Victor Lotter on the case. They sent out thousands of questionnaires to schoolteachers, training center supervisors, nurses, and parents in Middlesex and screened the entire population of eight- to ten-year-olds. Basing his selection criteria for autism on Creaks Nine Points, Lotter calculated a prevalence estimate of 4.5 cases of autism in 10,000. A closer look at the numbers reveals several problems. They found that several children had been screened out because they didnt fit Kanners criteria. Suspicious of the validity of Kanners criteria, Lorna Wing took a different approach in analyzing the data. Rather than using a top-down method as Lotter had done, she employed a bottom-up approach, searching for aspects of autistic behavior among children in Camberwell who were already identified as cognitively disabled. She and another MRC researcher named Judith Gould reached out to everyone whose job might bring them in contact with a child with special needs. Just as the Middlesex study predicted, they found only a handful of children in Camberwell 4.9 in 10,000 who met Kanners criteria. But Lorna and Judith didnt stop there. As they made their rounds of the neighborhood, they noticed a much larger group of children who had signs of his syndrome, but were not eligible for a diagnosis under his guidelines. While Lorna was trying to make sense of what she was seeing, she came across a paper by Dirk Arn Can Krevelen arguing that Kanners autism and Asperger syndrome were distinct conditions. After John (who can speak German) translated Aspergers paper for her, she realized that Asperger had seen the same thing in Vienna that she was seeing in Camberwell. Lorne began a quiet but determined campaign to expand the concept of autism to include people who had been excluded from Kanners. To replace Kanners unified syndrome, she proposed the term the autistic continuum. While there were clearly many shades and hues along this continuum, all autistic people seemed to benefit from the same highly structured and supportive educational approaches, just as Asperger predicted. It was apparent that a person could occupy one point on the continuum at a given point in their lives and another point later. Some children, like Susie, would remain disabled into middle age and beyond. But others blossomed in unexpected ways when given an accommodating environment and special consideration by their teachers. In 1981, Lorna codified the condition for Asperger syndrome by writing a case series of her own called Aspergers Syndrome: A Clinical Account. Over time, Lorna would lose her taste for the word continuum and adopted the term autism spectrum.

Bra Boys Analysis

The identity of the Bra Boys can be seen through their values and attitudes. They are presented through the Cody, the value of brother ship and Attitude of brother ship through their tattoos and being there for each other. In part 1 of Bra boys, the Boys had taken Jesse Pollock and other younger people on trips to surf. This had been carried on from what the other Bra Boys did for Cody and his friends. This shows their values of their society and community, as they are willing to give the younger generations to toughen up and be free with the surf. This shows htat apart from their devilish side, they also have the value of family and friendship with the younger generation. The Bra Boy’s value towards the beach is shown to be their lifesaver. The beach and surf is everything to them. Sunny Abberton, a Bra boy said â€Å"The surf, had saved so many kids around here, that have led them to a lifestyle of the ocean instead of a lifestyle in crime. † Showing that the beach has saved them on accounts and they have an optimistic value of the beach. Values of the Bra boys is brother ship, as they had each other’s back. When 2 people had a fight with authorities in a party during Christmas, everyone got into the brawl. This shows how the value of being together in the Bra boys is strong. One major values the boys have is having fun with others. In the serious of montages, the Bra Boys are shown to be jumping on each other, setting alight each other and each them jump off the cliffs and even jumping on a bus. This shows that they highly value fun in their lives as they want all the fun. This scene plays with the light hearted tune, this influences the value of fun in the Bra Boys life and their value of belonging as they do what they want and what they believe is right. That is the idenity presented as a Bra Boy. To have fun their own way. Survival and a sense of belonging. The Bra boys values of survival is shown as they survived from various gangs, depression, fights and drugs. They had shown that they want to survive for the beach, as it is their legacy. For the Bra Boys, they showed a sense of belonging by helping each other through tough times and helping the younger generations. The Bra Boy’s identity of attitudes is shown that they have each other backs and that they do not wish to do harm. Their attitudes towards the police is hatred as they were in a fight with the authorities. However, the authorities lost but the media had portrayed them to be the victims. The police thinks the Bra boys as criminals and always suspects them, thus they have a negative attitude towards the police. The attitude towards people similar to the bra boys in the past, cold, hurt ad alone. The Bra Boy’s have the attitude of being there for those to toughen them up and be the Bra boys just as the older Bra Boys did the same thing to them. The attitude towards Ma shows their love and symbolizes what Ma is to them. Their love and kindness in comparison the language used in the other parts of the film shows how they value and their attitude towards their caretaker and the start of the Bra Boys. Their tone and voise is different in comparison to the other tones that is used. Not only that, there is something that is only presented in this scene that the Bra Boys does. This type of body language shows their affectiong and their attitudes towards Ma as she is the most important person to the Bra Boys. They Hugged her.

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

In a Rose for Emily, William Faulkner uses a variety of imagery and flashbacks to show the kind of woman Miss Emily is. The towns’ people all know of her based off their accounts and what they have heard of her home. Miss Emily was created to be an exceptional female figure. Feminists have fought for the right of women to be free from the old social restraints which have been in place for so long. A feminist believes a woman should be strong and independent. In some ways the main character, Emily, is this kind of woman, but for the most part she is portrayed as weak and fragile, though she is not.Miss Emily was pretty much a rebel. Miss Emily had written letters from the Mayor and other officials about taxes, which she ignored because she had â€Å"no taxes in Jefferson†. Miss Emily had a Negro house maid, which the mayor Colonel Satoris sought to be wrong. Colonel Satoris definitely proved to be sexist in many ways. Satoris believed â€Å"only women could believe itâ € , speaking about lies that only the men in the town could know the truth too about Emily’s dad. Emily was the ruler of the house, which was beyond social norms in that time. Being the one who ran the house, the woman banished the Mayor, townspeople, and sheriffs from her house. Faulkner proves Miss Emily’s power in many ways throughout the text.

The Problem Of Natural Disasters - 829 Words

Natural disasters are not a new phenomenon, however, as of the last few centuries, human development has driven the amount of and severity of natural disasters up. As a result, there is an increasing amount of people forced to leave their homes to immigrate to other regions of the world to seek asylum. The international community refers to this phenomenon as internal displacement; when natural disasters are the driving force behind the displacement, it’s specifically referred to as environmental displacement. To address an issue like internal displacement, there are many complications to consider. Debates focus on political aspects like treaty compatibility or symmetry between countries, while other scholars argue the importance of†¦show more content†¦For example, in 2014 17.5 million individuals were displaced from their homes due to weather disasters. When this many people are affected by a disaster, relief and recovery efforts should, theoretically, be implemented with ease. However, scholars in the international field debate who has the most responsibility in giving aid and providing asylum. Internal displacement is an issue of increasing importance in the international community, however despite the severity, the international community seems stagnant in deciding how to address the issue. A recent report by the NRC stated that â€Å"Contrary to common assumptions, displacement following disasters [has] become protracted and returning home is not always an option† (NRC). In other words, EDPs won’t always have the opportunity to return home due to lack of legislation and protection. However, as of yet, scholars are unable to address the lacking problem. Narayan Subramanian, Policy Officer for Independent Diplomat and Research Associate for the Environmental Law Institute, and Johannes Urpelainen, Associates Professor of Political science at Columbia University cited McAdam in attributing this problem to non-existent policies that should address cross-border environmental displacement (26). Without pre-existing legislation to act as a basis, policy makers wou ld need to establish anShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Natural Disasters1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to identify one of the more common circumstances about why people panic in disasters. The paper will discuss fear and the lack of knowledge in which it make a person behave differently. Introduction By Webster definition, â€Å"panic† is sudden fear; general hysteria or a cause to become fearful. Webster describes Disaster as an incident of great harm or distress. In my opinion, there are less injuries and deaths if panic would not set in. Cultural people acts differentlyRead MoreTraditional And Non Traditional Threats Of State Security1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthe survival of a nation, a state, or a regime, and thus are often regarded as the core of international security (Jian, 2003). Non-traditional security, on the other hand, refers to security issues of the so-called ‘low politics’, including natural disasters, economic security, environmental pollution, population explosion, terrorism, and transferable diseases (AIDS, Ebola, etc). Caballero-Anthony, (2007) simply defines non-traditional security threats as â€Å"challenges to the survival and well-beingRead MoreAnalysis, Evaluation, And Synthesis1699 Words   |  7 Pagesof this paper is expanding the analysis, evaluation, and synthesis to provide the best solution for the disaster recovery issue through identification of the issue’s scope, scale, effect, and so forth, considering various company organization structures. The overriding critical IT issue facing the Fox Television network and cable affiliates is disaster recovery. The result of a natural disaster may halt network operations, which will result in a revenue shortfall for outage duration. Many may considerRead MoreWhat Are the Main Causes of Food Insecurity in the World Today?1656 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the main causes of food insecurity in the world today? Outline and evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems Currently, millions of people across the globe suffer from under-nutrition and hunger. In 2007, the UN (United Nations) estimated that there are approximately 850 million people who suffer undernourishment in the world today. It also reported that 799 million undernourished people live in developing countriesRead MoreThe Los Angeles Facility For Disaster Recovery1542 Words   |  7 Pagesof this paper is expanding the analysis of the problem statement through identification of the issues scope, scale, effect, and so forth, considering various company organization structures. Additionally, the paper’s content outlines the considerations of solving the problem to achieve organization success. This overriding critical IT issue facing the Fox Television network and cable affiliates is disaster recovery. The result of a natural disaster may halt network operations, which will resultRead MoreEnvironment and Sustainable Development1795 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Natural hazards have induced catastrophic losses which are one or more related losses whose consequences are extremely harsh in their severity, such as bankruptcy, total loss of assets, or loss of life. The global loose from just three types of natural hazards which are windstorms, floods, and earthquakes. It consumes huge amounts of limited available capital and significantly reduces resources for new investment. In developing countries, the parallel problems of underdevelopmentRead MoreEssay on The Effects Which a Natural Disaster can have on a Country1162 Words   |  5 PagesA natural disaster is an event caused by natural destructive factors, which can be further divided into either climatic disasters such as floods and tornados, or geological disasters such as earthquakes, which consequently lead to great physical damage or life loss (Bankoff, 2004, 56). When defining ‘natural’ literally, it may seem that natural disasters are independent from human activities, however, with the process of civilization, man-made factors are having an increasingly greater influenceRead MoreHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note How Natural Disasters Affect the Environment A natural hazard is a geophysical, atmospheric or hydrological event (e.g., earthquake, landslide, tsunami, windstorm, flood or drought) that has the potential to cause harm or loss, while a natural disaster is the occurrence of an extreme hazardous event that impacts on communities causing damage, disruption and casualties, and leaving theRead MoreHurricane Sandy : Preparing For The Future Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesonce said â€Å"Disasters don’t just happen. They are always made possible by a series of often-invisible societal choices that implicate more than just those being drowned or buried in rubble† (Junot Diaz, 1). This quote introduces the idea of what is referred to as a social disaster. A social disaster can be a natural disaster such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or hurricanes etc. that are associated with some environmental, cultural, or political problem (Hovenac, 1). These societal problems can be a resultRead MoreResponding To A Man-Made Or A Natural D isaster Presents1443 Words   |  6 PagesResponding to a man-made or a natural disaster presents dangers and difficulties to first responders, and involved agencies, whether they are local, state or federal agencies. The difficulties in responding to these critical incidents make having a plan essential to successfully respond to, and manage the outcome of a critical incident. The United States government has established a national plan called the National Incident Management System (NIMS). NIMS is comprised of 6 components which help